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构建整合型老龄健康福利体系是满足老年人全周期康养需求、增强福利制度内部耦合性的重要路径。文章基于浙江省Y县长期护理保险和医疗保险结算数据,分析了长期护理保险与医疗保险的协同效应,以及长期护理保险机构照护和居家现金补贴两种保障模式的优化。研究发现:第一,长期护理保险显著降低了医疗费用、医保基金支出和个人医疗负担;第二,长期护理保险不同待遇保障模式中,正式机构照护和居家现金补贴分别使失能老年人医疗费用下降3.8%和3.1%,但后者的制度运行成本更低;第三,机制分析表明,机构照护和居家现金补贴分别通过缩短次均住院时长和减少住院次数降低了医疗费用。文章为优化老龄健康福利体系提供了新的实践方向。
Abstract:Building an integrated elderly health and welfare system is a vital approach to meeting the full-cycle care needs of older adults and enhancing internal coordination across welfare institutions. Based on settlement data from long-term care insurance(LTCI) and medical insurance systems in Y County, Zhejiang Province, this study investigates the synergistic ef fects between LTCI and medical insurance, as well as the optimization of two LTCI benefit models: institutional care and home-based cash subsidies. The findings show:(1) LTCI significantly reduces total medical expenses, medical insurance fund expenditures, and individuals' out-of-pocket costs.(2) Under dif ferent LTCI benefit models, institutional care and home-based cash subsidies reduce medical expenses by 3.8% and 3.1%, respectively, with the latter incurring lower administrative costs.(3) Mechanism analysis reveals that institutional care reduces medical spending by shortening the average length of hospital stays, while home-based subsidies do so by lowering the frequency of hospital admissions. This study provides new practical insights for improving China's integrated health and welfare system for the elderly.
(1)数据来源于《中国民政统计年鉴(2013)》和《中国民政统计年鉴(2022)》。
(2)胡湛、彭希哲:《应对中国人口老龄化的治理选择》,《中国社会科学》2018年第12期;赵一红、聂倩:《供需与结构:中国社会养老服务体系建构的逻辑--基于六城市养老机构的实证调查》,《社会学研究》2022年第6期。
(3)陈诚诚:《长期护理保险与医疗卫生服务:两体系的边界辨析与发展路向》,《社会保障评论》2025年第1期。
(1)曹信邦:《中国失能老人公共长期护理保险制度的构建》,《中国行政管理》2015年第7期。
(2) He Chen,Jing Ning,"The Impacts of Long-Term Care Insurance on Health Care Utilization and Expenditure:Evidence from China,"Health Policy and Planning,2022,37(6).
(3) Stephen Kaye,et al.,"Long-Term Care:Who Gets It,Who Provides It,Who Pays,and How Much?"Health Aff airs,2010,29(1).
(4)“9073”养老服务格局是指90%的老年人采取居家养老方式;7%的老年人依托社区养老服务(如日间照料等);3%的老年人由机构(如养老院、护理院等)照护。
(5)胡湛等:《积极应对人口老龄化的“中国方案”》,《中国社会科学》2022年第9期。
(6)彭华民:《论需要为本的中国社会福利转型的目标定位》,《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010年第4期。
(7) Timothy Chapin,"Introduction:From Growth Controls,to Comprehensive Planning,to Smart Growth:Planning's Emerging Fourth Wave,"Journal of the American Planning Association,2012,78(1).
(1)参见Perri D.Leat,et al.,Towards Holistic Government:The New Reform Agenda,New York,Palgrave,2002.
(2)景天魁:《社会福利发展路径:从制度覆盖到体系整合》,《探索与争鸣》2013年第2期。
(1) Joan Costa-Font,et al.,"Does Long-Term Care Subsidization Reduce Hospital Admissions and Utilization?"Journal of Health Economics,2018,58;Thomas Rapp,et al.,"Are Public Subsidies Eff ective to Reduce Emergency Care?Evidence from the PLASA Study,"Social Science&Medicine,2015,138.
(2)马超等:《长期护理保险、医疗费用控制与价值医疗》,《中国工业经济》2019年第12期;王贞、封进:《长期护理保险对医疗费用的替代效应及不同补偿模式的比较》,《经济学(季刊)》2021年第2期。
(3)封进等:《信息不对称视角下长期护理保险保障模式评价及制度优化》,《管理世界》2023年第8期。
(4) Andrea Wysocki,et al.,"Long-Term Services and Supports for Older Adults:A Review of Home and Community-Based Services versus Institutional Care,"Journal of Aging&Social Policy,2015,27(3).
(5) Jochem de Bresser,et al.,"Preferences for In-Kind and In-Cash Home Care Insurance,"Journal of Health Economics,2022,84.
(6) Barbara Da Roit,Blanche Le Bihan,"Similar and Yet So Diff erent:Cash-for-Care in Six European Countries'LongTerm Care Policies,"The Milbank Quarterly,2010,88(3).
(7) Hyuncheol Bryant Kim,Wilfredo Lim,"Going Formal or Informal,Who Cares?The Infl uence of Public Long-Term Care Insurance,"Health Economics,2015,24(6).
(1) 2023年Y县调整了长期护理保险的待遇享受规定,新增了正式居家上门照护形式。但由于数据的可获得性,本文未将此模式纳入研究的分析框架中。居家上门照护也属于正式照护的一种,在服务供给的主体、制度运行成本和服务质量等维度与正式机构照护存在相似性。因此,对正式机构照护的研究结论可以一定程度推导至居家上门照护,不影响文章的整体研究结论。
(2)本研究选取2015-2019年的数据,一方面是由于2020年及之后受新冠疫情影响,住院医疗费用数据存在异常波动,难以反映常态趋势;另一方面是因为2015-2019年覆盖了第一批长期护理保险试点城市在政策实施前后的关键时间段,该时段的数据能够较为真实地呈现试点前后医疗费用的变化情况,具有较强的代表性和解释力。
(1)殷志芳:《残疾人照护与长期护理保险衔接整合的路径探析》,《残疾人研究》2020年第3期。
(1) Barbara Da Roit,et al.,"Long-Term Care Policies in Italy,Austria and France:Variations in Cash-for-Care Schemes,"Social Policy&Administration,2007,41(6).
(1) Barbara Da Roit,Blanche Le Bihan,"Similar and Yet So Diff erent:Cash-for-Care in Six European Countries'LongTerm Care Policies,"The Milbank Quarterly,2010,88(3).
(2) Blanche Le Bihan,et al.,"The Turn to Optional Familialism through the Market:Long-Term Care,Cash-for-Care,and Caregiving Policies in Europe,"Social Policy&Administration,2019,53(4).
(3)《2020年度国家老龄事业发展公报》,国家卫生健康委官网:https://www.nhc.gov.cn/lljks/c100157/202110/b365898ae-2a4406d91e1b1ecd10ca911.shtml,2021年10月15日。
(4)《发展长期护理保险加强养老服务保障》,财政部官网:http://sd.mof.gov.cn/zt/dcyj/202304/t20230403_3876941.htm,2023年3月31日。
(1)胡湛等:《积极应对人口老龄化的“中国方案”》,《中国社会科学》2022年第9期。
(2)杨团:《中国长期照护的政策选择》,《中国社会科学》2016年第11期。
基本信息:
DOI:
中图分类号:F842.6;R197.1
引用信息:
[1]刘晓婷.长期护理保险与医疗保险的协同效应研究——兼论构建整合型老龄健康福利体系[J].社会保障评论,2025,9(04):32-45.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金重大专项“促进养老事业和养老产业发展的政策和机制研究”(24ZDA092)