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本文探讨人工智能技术对劳动力市场的冲击及福利国家的应对。与第三次工业革命相比，以人工智能为核心的第四次工业革命，不仅延续了对体力劳动的替代，更开始侵蚀认知劳动领域，中高技能岗位亦受到显著影响。传统福利国家制度正面临系统性挑战：平台经济动摇了以正式雇佣为基础的社保体系；劳动者议价能力分化加剧，低技能群体陷入“再商品化”困境；社保基金收支失衡压力凸显。面对上述挑战，欧洲福利国家从三方面进行政策调整：实施积极劳动力市场政策，推动终身学习与技能培训；革新社会保障制度，创新筹资机制并探索新型劳动关系认定；加强技术治理与算法监管，确保人工智能发展符合公平与包容原则。研究表明，人工智能的发展与社会福利制度的困境折射出经济效率与社会公平之间的深层张力。新技术在催生新中产阶层的同时，也可能导致原有中产阶层向下流动。因此，需通过前瞻性政策设计，将技术红利转化为普惠性社会福祉，在效率与公平之间构建新的社会契约。
Abstract：This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market and the policy responses of welfare states. Compared with the Third Industrial Revolution, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, centred on artificial intelligence, not only continues to replace manual labour but has also begun to encroach on the sphere of cognitive labour, with medium-and high-skilled jobs also being significantly affected. Traditional welfare state systems are facing systemic challenges: the platform economy is undermining the formal employment-based social security system; the diff erentiation of workers' bargaining power has intensified, leaving low-skilled groups trapped in the dilemma of recommodification; and pressures arising from imbalances between the revenue and expenditure of social security funds have become increasingly prominent. In response to these challenges, European welfare states have pursued policy adjustments in three areas: implementing active labour market policies to promote lifelong learning and skills training; reforming social security systems by innovating financing mechanisms and exploring new ways of recognising labour relations; and strengthening technological governance and algorithmic regulation to ensure that the development of artificial intelligence conforms to the principles of fairness and inclusion. The study shows that the development of artificial intelligence and the predicament of social welfare systems reflect a deep tension between economic efficiency and social equity. While new technologies may give rise to a new middle class, they may also lead to the downward mobility of the existing middle class. It is therefore necessary to adopt forward-looking policy design to transform technological dividends into inclusive social well-being and to build a new social contract between efficiency and equity.
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基本信息:
中图分类号:TP18;F249.1
引用信息:
[1]齐天骄.人工智能对就业的冲击与福利国家的政策调整[J].社会保障评论,2026,10(03):23-39.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金项目“福利国家贫富差距扩大问题及启示研究”（23CZZ052）
2026-05-15
2026-05-15